Life extension science, also known as antiaging medicine, indefinite life extension, experimental gerontology, and biomedical gerontology, is the study of slowing. Kilauea Mount Etna Mount Yasur Mount Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira Piton de la Fournaise Erta Ale. List of the most beautiful girls in the world beautiful woman women in Australia Austria Belgium Canada Ireland Germany Netherland New Zealand Norway Sweden. Joel Garreau born 1948 is an American journalist, scholar, and author. In 1981, Garreau published The Nine Nations of North America. In 1991, he published Edge City. I/31tOVN-VsRL.jpg' alt='Radical Evolution By Joel Garreau Pdf File' title='Radical Evolution By Joel Garreau Pdf File' />Life extension Wikipedia. Download Need For Speed The Run Supercar Pack on this page. Life extension science, also known as anti aging medicine, indefinite life extension, experimental gerontology, and biomedical gerontology, is the study of slowing down or reversing the processes of aging to extend both the maximum and average lifespan. Thomson St585 V6 Manual'>Thomson St585 V6 Manual. The ability to achieve this, however, does not currently exist. Some researchers in this area, and life extensionists, immortalists or longevists those who wish to achieve longer lives themselves, believe that future breakthroughs in tissue rejuvenation, stem cells, regenerative medicine, molecular repair, gene therapy, pharmaceuticals, and organ replacement such as with artificial organs or xenotransplantations will eventually enable humans to have indefinite lifespans agerasia2 through complete rejuvenation to a healthy youthful condition. The ethical ramifications, if life extension becomes a possibility, are debated by bioethicists. The sale of purported anti aging products such as supplements and hormone replacement is a lucrative global industry. For example, the industry that promotes the use of hormones as a treatment for consumers to slow or reverse the aging process in the US market generated about 5. The use of such products has not been proven to be effective or safe. Average and maximum lifespaneditDuring the process of aging, an organism accumulates damage to its macromolecules, cells, tissues, and organs. Specifically, aging is characterized as and thought to be caused by genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. Oxidation damage to cellular contents caused by free radicals is believed to contribute to aging as well. The longest a human has ever been proven to live is 1. Jeanne Calment who was born in 1. Genetic differences between humans and mice that may account for these different aging rates include differences in efficiency of DNA repair, antioxidant defenses, energy metabolism, proteostasis maintenance, and recycling mechanisms such as autophagy. Average lifespan in a population is lowered by infant and child mortality, which are frequently linked to infectious diseases or nutrition problems. Later in life, vulnerability to accidents and age related chronic disease such as cancer or cardiovascular disease play an increasing role in mortality. Extension of expected lifespan can often be achieved by access to improved medical care, vaccinations, good diet, exercise and avoidance of hazards such as smoking. Maximum lifespan is determined by the rate of aging for a species inherent in its genes and by environmental factors. Widely recognized methods of extending maximum lifespan in model organisms such as nematodes, fruit flies, and mice include caloric restriction, gene manipulation, and administration of pharmaceuticals. Another technique uses evolutionary pressures such as breeding from only older members or altering levels of extrinsic mortality. Some animals such as hydra, planarian flatworms, and certain sponges, corals, and jellyfish do not die of old age and exhibit potential immortality. Sony Ericsson K610i Firmware'>Sony Ericsson K610i Firmware. StrategieseditDiets and supplementseditMuch life extension research focuses on nutritiondiets or supplements although there is little evidence that they have an effect. The many diets promoted by anti aging advocates are often contradictory. In some studies calorie restriction has been shown to extend the life of mice, yeast, and rhesus monkeys. However, a more recent study did not find calorie restriction to improve survival in rhesus monkeys. In humans the long term health effects of moderate caloric restriction with sufficient nutrients are unknown. The free radical theory of aging suggests that antioxidant supplements might extend human life. However, evidence suggest that carotene supplements and high doses of vitamin E increase mortality rates. Resveratrol is a sirtuin stimulant that has been shown to extend life in animal models, but the effect of resveratrol on lifespan in humans is unclear as of 2. Hormone treatmenteditThe anti aging industry offers several hormone therapies. Some of these have been criticized for possible dangers and a lack of proven effect. For example, the American Medical Association has been critical of some anti aging hormone therapies. While growth hormone GH decreases with age, the evidence for use of growth hormone as an anti aging therapy is mixed and based mostly on animal studies. There are mixed reports that GH or IGF 1 modulates the aging process in humans and about whether the direction of its effect is positive or negative. HistoryeditThe extension of life has been a desire of humanity and a mainstay motif in the history of scientific pursuits and ideas throughout history, from the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh and the Egyptian Smith medical papyrus, all the way through the Taoists, Ayurveda practitioners, alchemists, hygienists such as Luigi Cornaro, Johann Cohausen and Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, and philosophers such as Francis Bacon, Ren Descartes, Benjamin Franklin and Nicolas Condorcet. However, the beginning of the modern period in this endeavor can be traced to the end of the 1. Among the foremost researchers of life extension at this period were the Nobel Prize winning biologist Elie Metchnikoff 1. Institut Pasteur in Paris, and Charles douard Brown Squard 1. French Biological Society and one of the founders of modern endocrinology. Sociologist James Hughes claims that science has been tied to a cultural narrative of conquering death since the Age of Enlightenment. He cites Francis Bacon 1. Bacons novel New Atlantis, wherein scientists worked toward delaying aging and prolonging life. Robert Boyle 1. 62. Royal Society, also hoped that science would make substantial progress with life extension, according to Hughes, and proposed such experiments as to replace the blood of the old with the blood of the young. Biologist Alexis Carrel 1. Hughes. 2. 6In 1. American Aging Association was formed under the impetus of Denham Harman, originator of the free radical theory of aging. Harman wanted an organization of biogerontologists that was devoted to research and to the sharing of information among scientists interested in extending human lifespan. In 1. 97. 6, futurists Joel Kurtzman and Philip Gordon wrote No More Dying. The Conquest Of Aging And The Extension Of Human Life, ISBN 0 4. Subsequently, Kurtzman was invited to testify before the House Select Committee on Aging, chaired by Claude Pepper of Florida, to discuss the impact of life extension on the Social Security system. Saul Kent published The Life Extension Revolution ISBN 0 6. Life Extension Foundation, a non profit organization that promotes dietary supplements. The Life Extension Foundation publishes a periodical called Life Extension Magazine. The 1. 98. 2 bestselling book Life Extension A Practical Scientific Approach ISBN 0 4. X by Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw further popularized the phrase life extension. In 1. 98. 3, Roy Walford, a life extensionist and gerontologist, published a popular book called Maximum Lifespan.